Preface: Questions  ix

Acknowledgments  xiii

Introduction  1

1. Research, Reform, and Racial Uplift  33

2. Fabricating the Authentic and the Politics of the Real  66

3. Race, Relevance, and Daniel G. Brinton's Ill-fated Bid for Prominence  117

4. The Cult of Franz Boas and His "Conspiracy" to Destroy the White Race  156

Notes  221

Works Cited  235

Index  265

“Baker convincingly shows anthropology's role in a struggle to move the nation from a biological understanding of race. . . [A]n entirely brilliant book.”—Anthony J. Lemelle Jr., Journal of African American Studies

“This exceptionally thorough, well-documented volume highlights limitations and possibilities of anthropology as a discipline, and argues strongly for anthropology’s longstanding—albeit seldom acknowledged—influence on public policies on race. . . . Recommended.”—S. D. Glazier, CHOICE

“[A] many-layered analysis. . . . As Baker documents, since the 1950s white-supremacist and anti-Semitic organizations have argued for the existence of a Boas conspiracy that promotes racial amalgamation, degeneration, and equality. The tangled roots of race and culture, Baker argues, continue to trip us up.”
—Julia E. Liss, Journal of American History

“Written with an ironic sense of humor, Baker succeeds in ferreting out little
known material and enhances and broadens our understanding of the history of anthropology as well as the discipline’s relationship to past and present political currents.”—Vernon J. Williams Jr., American Studies

“By painstakingly sorting out the often overly synonymous and intertwining meanings of culture and race, Baker presents a refined understanding of what these concepts meant in alternating and overlapping contexts, including their more popular and political usages over a crucially formative period of anthropological history.”—Joshua Smith, Histories of Anthropology Annual

“The central question that runs through the four finely etched essays in Lee Baker’s new volume is why American anthropologists of the first half of the twentieth century applied such different terms and considerations to Native Americans and African Americans -- and what the legacy of this pattern has been for the discipline and profession.”—Curtis M. Hinsley, Journal of Anthropological Research

“Lee Baker is almost peerless as a social, political, and intellectual historian of anthropology, its entanglements with emerging ideas like race and culture, and its collisions with public policy and the law. . . . The book is a great read, filled with engaging untold stories gleaned from archives and primary documents.”—Brett Williams, American Anthropologist

“Baker convincingly shows anthropology's role in a struggle to move the nation from a biological understanding of race. . . [A]n entirely brilliant book.”—Anthony J. Lemelle Jr., Journal of African American Studies

“This exceptionally thorough, well-documented volume highlights limitations and possibilities of anthropology as a discipline, and argues strongly for anthropology’s longstanding—albeit seldom acknowledged—influence on public policies on race. . . . Recommended.”—S. D. Glazier, CHOICE

“[A] many-layered analysis. . . . As Baker documents, since the 1950s white-supremacist and anti-Semitic organizations have argued for the existence of a Boas conspiracy that promotes racial amalgamation, degeneration, and equality. The tangled roots of race and culture, Baker argues, continue to trip us up.”
—Julia E. Liss, Journal of American History

“Written with an ironic sense of humor, Baker succeeds in ferreting out little
known material and enhances and broadens our understanding of the history of anthropology as well as the discipline’s relationship to past and present political currents.”—Vernon J. Williams Jr., American Studies

“By painstakingly sorting out the often overly synonymous and intertwining meanings of culture and race, Baker presents a refined understanding of what these concepts meant in alternating and overlapping contexts, including their more popular and political usages over a crucially formative period of anthropological history.”—Joshua Smith, Histories of Anthropology Annual

“The central question that runs through the four finely etched essays in Lee Baker’s new volume is why American anthropologists of the first half of the twentieth century applied such different terms and considerations to Native Americans and African Americans -- and what the legacy of this pattern has been for the discipline and profession.”—Curtis M. Hinsley, Journal of Anthropological Research

“Lee Baker is almost peerless as a social, political, and intellectual historian of anthropology, its entanglements with emerging ideas like race and culture, and its collisions with public policy and the law. . . . The book is a great read, filled with engaging untold stories gleaned from archives and primary documents.”—Brett Williams, American Anthropologist

“In these fascinating essays, Lee D. Baker interrogates several key dichotomies (culture/race, Native Americans/African Americans, anthropology/sociology) to cast new light on the history of American anthropology. He asks anthropologists to think again about the peculiar combination of progressive and conservative arguments that anthropological theories of culture and race seem always to reproduce.”—Richard Handler, University of Virginia

“In this smart and provocative book, Lee D. Baker takes on a terribly important topic: the transformations in the discipline of anthropology as it relates to race and culture. Among other things, Baker raises very good questions about how anthropology ‘treats’ Native Americans versus African Americans. The answers aren’t going to make anyone feel good, but they are going to make people think. I learned a lot from this thoughtful work.”—Jonathan Holloway, co-editor of Black Scholars on the Line: Race, Social Science, and American Thought in the Twentieth Century

“Lee D. Baker’s new book astutely and convincingly argues for new ways of reading the ways anthropology has treated the racial politics of culture and the cultural politics of race. These precise, masterfully researched and elegantly written vignettes map new vistas for understanding the critical crucible in which Native American and African American experiences illuminate each other through academic research and institutions. Baker’s insights are fresh, basic, and important.”—Robert Warrior, President, Native American and Indigenous Studies Association

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