Acknowledgments  ix

Introduction. Modernity in Translation  1

Translation beyond Language  6

The Theoretical Possibility or Impossibility of Translation  9

Appropriating and Foreignizing Translations  15

The Historical Unevenness of Translation  17

The Ubiquity of Hybrids and the Scarcity of Cosmopolitan Ethics  21

1. Modernism From Above: A Conviction about Its Own Translatability  27

New City: Traveling Garden City  30

New House: Representative Affinities  52

New Housing: The Ideal Life  76

From Ankara to the Whole Nation: Translatability from Above and Below  93

2. Melancholy in Translation  101

The Melancholy of Istanbul  107

A Journey to the West  119

The Birth of the "Modern Turkish House"  133

3. Siedlung in Subaltern Exile  145

Siedlung and the Metropolis  148

Siedlung and the Generic Rational Dwelling  175

Siedlung and the Subaltern  195

4. Convictions about Untranslatability  215

Untranslatable Culture and Translatable Civilization  215

"The Original"  218

Against Translation? The National House and Siedlung  233

5. Toward a Cosmopolitan Architecture  247

Ex Oriente Lux  249

Melancholy of the East  252

Weltarchitektur—Translation of a Treatise  263

Toward Another Cosmopolitan Ethics in Architecture  277

Epilogue  283

Notes  291

Bibliography  337

Sources of Illustrations  375

Index  383

“While Architecture in Translation constitutes clearly a ‘next step’ in scholarly works that examine the histories of the Turkish nation’s architectural and planning projects, it is also an ideal ‘first step’ toward analyzing more critically the dynamics of interaction and exchange that we today otherwise generalize under terms like modernization, globalization, or development. Charting the origins, diffusions, and transformations of ideas, approaches, and key actors through multiple historical and geographic contexts, Akcan’s book also emerges as a most readable and thoughtful history of ideas.” —Kyle T. Evered, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

“While Architecture in Translation constitutes clearly a ‘next step’ in scholarly works that examine the histories of the Turkish nation’s architectural and planning projects, it is also an ideal ‘first step’ toward analyzing more critically the dynamics of interaction and exchange that we today otherwise generalize under terms like modernization, globalization, or development. Charting the origins, diffusions, and transformations of ideas, approaches, and key actors through multiple historical and geographic contexts, Akcan’s book also emerges as a most readable and thoughtful history of ideas.” —Kyle T. Evered, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East

"This study is seminal on two counts: it analyzes the relatively new concept of cultural translation, and it affords the reader an extremely interesting account of the evolution of Kemalist cultural policies."—Kenneth Frampton, author of Form Material Assembly: The Work of Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp

"Tracing the surprisingly intertwined twentieth-century histories of German and Turkish residential housing and urban planning from the garden city via the urban Siedlung to the national house, Esra Akcan brilliantly deploys lingual translation theory as a flexible template to analyze zones of asymmetrical exchange in architecture and urban planning. Architecture in Translation moves compellingly beyond modernist universalism and nationalist regionalism toward a cosmopolitan ethics as a goal for a global architecture."—Andreas Huyssen, editor of Other Cities, Other Worlds: Urban Imaginaries in a Globalizing Age

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