Acknowledgments  ix

1. Building the Indian Law and a Decolonization Project in Bolivia  1

2. Nation Making and the Genealogy of the AMP Indigenous Activists  31

3. The Beginning of the Decolonization Project: Toribio Miranda's Framing and Dissemination of the Indian Law  55

4. Against Cholification: Gregorio Titiriku's Urban Experience and the Development of Earth Politics in Segregated Times  81

5. Between Internal Colonialism and War: Melit�n Gallardo in the Southern Andean Estates  115

6. Against Whitening: Andr�Jacha'qullu's Movement between Worlds in the Era of the Bolivian National Revolution of 1952  135

Conclusion. The AMP's Innovations and Its Legacy in Bolivia under Evo Morales  171

Appendix 1  189

Appendix 2  193

Notes  199

Glossary  227

Selected Bibiolography  233

Index  251

"By tracing movements for cultural autonomy and indigenous forms of land tenure in Bolivia back to the early decades of the twentieth century, Earth Politics illuminates a history that is crucial for understanding contemporary developments as something far more profound than 'identity politics.' In this fascinating study, based on unprecedented research, historian Waskar Ari explores the influence of religious beliefs and the evolving concept of 'Indian Law' to understand how indigenous intellectuals constructed a politics that valued heterogeneity and autonomy over accommodation or assimilation. It is essential reading for anyone interested in race, ethnicity, and political struggles in Latin America."—Barbara Weinstein, coeditor of The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History

"Waskar Ari is a well-known Bolivian historian and activist, one who speaks Aymara and has deep roots in rural indigenous Bolivia. He has built deep relationships of trust and responsibility through his long-standing work with indigenous community leaders. Using a startlingly original set of archival and oral materials, he has produced an important book that opens up an entirely unknown episode in the history of Bolivian and, more generally, Latin American indigenous movements."—Brooke Larson, author of Trials of Nation Making: Liberalism, Race, and Ethnicity in the Andes, 1810–1910

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