1. Acknowledgments

2. Introduction

3. The Roots of Lumbee Language

4. Selective Retention and Ethnic Configuration: Perfective be in Lumbee English

5. Mixed Alignment and Grammatical Reconfiguration: Be(s) in Lumbee English

6. Grammatical and Phonological Manifestations of Null Copula

7. Conclusions

8. Appendix: Robeson County Interview

9. Notes

10. References

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