Acknowledgments  xiii

Editorial Note  xv

Introduction  1

I. Historical Background before 1900  

The Earliest Africans in North America / Peter H. Wood  19

Black Pioneers: The Spanish-Speaking Afroamericans of the Southwest / Jack D. Forbes  27

Slave and Free Women of Color in the Spanish Ports of New Orleans, Mobile, and Pensacola / Virginia Meacham Gould  38

Afro-Cubans in Tampa / Susan D. Greenbaum  51

Excerpt from Pulling the Muse from the Drum / Adrian Castro  62

II. Arturo Alfonso Schomburg  

Excerpt from Racial Integrity: A Plea for the Establishment of a Chair of Negro History in Our Schools and Colleges / Arturo Alfonso Schomburg  67

The World of Arturo Alfonso Schomburg / Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof  70

Invoking Arturo Schomburg's Legacy in Philadelphia / Evelyne Laurent-Perrault  92

III. Afro-Latin@s on the Color Line  

Black Cuban, Black American / Evelio Grillo  99

A Puerto Rican in New York and Other Sketches / Jesus Colon  113

Melba Alvarado, El Club Cubano Inter-Americano, and the Creation of Afro-Cubanidades in New York City / Nancy Raquel Mirabel  120

An Uneven Playing Field: Afro-Latinos in Major League Baseball / Adrian Burgos Jr.  127

Changing Identities: An Afro-Latino Family Portrait / Gabriel Haslip-Viera  142

Eso era tremendo!: An Afro-Cuban Musician Remembers / Graciela Perez Gutierrez  150

IV. Roots of Salsa: Afro-Latin@ Popular Music  

From "Indianola" to "No Col� The Strange Career of the Afro-Puerto Rican Musician / Ruth Glasser  157

Excerpt from cu/bop / Louis Reyes Rivera  176

Bauz�illespieLatin/JAzz: Difference, Modernity, and the Black Caribbean / Jairo Moreno  177

Contesting that Damned Mambo: Arsenio Rodriguez and the People of El Barrio and the Bronx in the 1950s / David F. Garcia  187

Boogaloo and Latin Soul / Juan Flores  199

Excerpt from the salsa of bethesda fountain / Tato Laviera  207

V. Black Latin@ Sixties  

Hair Conking: Buy Black / Carlos Cooks  211

Carlos A. Cooks: Dominican Garveyite in Harlem / Pedro R. Rivera  215

Down These Mean Streets / Piri Thomas  219

African Things / Victor Hernandez Cruz  232

Black Notes and "You Do Something to Me" / Sandra Maria Esteves  233

Before People Called Me a Spic, They Called Me a Nigger / Pablo "Yoruba" Guzman  235

Excerpt from J�ro, My Pretty Nigger / Felipe Luciano  244

The Yoruba Orisha Tradition Comes to New York City / Marta Moreno Vega  245

Reflections and Lived Experiences of Afro-Latin@ Religiosity / Luis Barrios  252

Discovering Myself / Un Testimonio / Josefina Baez  266

VI. Afro-Latinas  

The Black Puerto Rican Woman in Contemporary American Society / Angela Jorge  269

Something Latino Was Up with Us / Spring Redd  276

Excerpt from Poem for My Grifa-Rican Sistah, or Broken Ends Broken Promises / Mariposa (Mar�Teresa Fernandez)  280

Latinegras: Desired WomenUndesirable Mothers, Daughters, Sisters, and Wives / Marta I. Cruz-Janzen  282

Letter to a Friend / Nilaja Sun  296

Uncovering Mirrors: Afro-Latina Lesbian Subjects / Ana M. Lara  298

The Black Bellybutton of a Bongo / Marianela Medrano  314

VII. Public Images and (Mis)Representations  

Notes on Eusebia Cosme and Juano Hernandez / Miriam Jimenez Roman  319

Desde el Mero Medio: Race Discrimination within the Latino Community / Carlos Flores  323

Displaying Identity: Dominicans in the Black Mosaic of Washington, D.C. / Ginetta E. B. Candelario  326

Bringing the Soul: Afros, Black Empowerment, and Lucecita Ben�z / Yeidy M. Rivero  343

Can BET Make You Black? Remixing and Reshaping Latin@s on Black Entertainment Television / Ejima Baker  358

The Afro-Latino Connection: Can this group be the bridge to a broadbased Black-Hispanic alliance? / Alan Hughes and Milca Esdaille  364

VIII. Afro-Latin@s in the Hip Hop Zone  

Ghettocentricity, Blackness, and Pan-Latinidad / Raquel Z. Rivera  373

Chicano Rap Roots: Afro-Mexico and Black-Brown Cultural Exchange / Pancho McFarland  387

The Rise and Fall of Reggaeton: From Daddy Yankee to Tego Calderon and Beyond / Wayne Marshall  396

Do Platanos Go wit' Collard Greens? / David Lamb  404

Divas Don't Yield / Sofia Quintero  411

IX. Living Afro-Latinidads  

An Afro-Latina's Quest for Inclusion / Yvette Modestin  417

Retracing Migration: From Samana to New York and Back Again / Ryan Mann-Hamilton  422

Negotiating among Invisibilities: Tales of Afro-Latinidades in the United States / Vielka Cecilia Hoy  426

We Are Black Too: Experiences of a Honduran Garifuna / Aida Lambert  431

Profile of an Afro-Latina: Black, Mexican, Both / Maria Rosario Jackson  434

Enrique Patterson: Black Cuban Intellectual in Cuban Miami / Antonio Lopez  439

Reflections about Race by a Negrito Acomplejao / Eduardo Bonilla-Silva  445

Divisible Blackness: Reflections on Heterogeneity and Racial Identity / Silvio Torres-Saillant  453

Nigger-Reecan Blues / Willie Perdomo  467

X. Afro-Latin@s: Present and Future Tenses  

How Race Counts for Hispanic Americans / John R. Logan  471

Bleach in the Rainbow: Latino Ethnicity and Preferences for Whiteness / William A. Darity Jr., Jason Dietrich, and Darrick Hamilton  485

Brown Like Me? / Ed Morales  499

Against the Myth of Racial Harmony in Puerto Rico / Afro-Puerto Rican Testimonies Project  508

Mexican Ways, African Roots / Lisa Hoppenjans and Ted Richardson  512

Afro-Latin@s and the Latino Workplace / Tanya Kateri Hernandez  520

Racial Politics in Multiethnic America: Black and Latina/o Identities and Coalitions  527

Afro-Latinism in United States Society: A Commentary / James Jennings  540

Sources and Permissions  547

Contributors  551

Index  559

Peter H. Wood

Jack D. Forbes

Virginia Meacham Gould

Susan D. Greenbaum

Adrián Castro

Arturo Alfonso Schomburg

Jesse Hoffnung-Garskof

Evelyne Laurent-Perrault

Evelio Grillo

Jesús Colón

Nancy Raquel Mirabal

Adrian Burgos

Gabriel Haslip-Viera

Graciela Pérez Gutiérrez

Ruth Glasser

Louis Reyes Rivera

Jairo Moreno

David F. García

Juan Flores

Tato Laviera

Carlos Cooks

Pedro R. Rivera

Piri Thomas

Victor Hernández Cruz

Sandra María Esteves

Pablo "Yoruba" Guzmán

Felipe Luciano

Marta Moreno Vega

Luis Barrios

Sherezada "Chiqui" Vicioso

Josefina Báez

Angela Jorge

Spring Redd

María (Mariposa) Teresa Fernández

Marta I. Cruz-Janzen

Nilaja Sun

Ana M. Lara

Miriam Jiménez Román

Carlos Flores

Ginetta E. B. Candelario

Yeidy M. Rivero

Elma Baker

Alan Hughes

Milca Esdaille

Raquel Z. Rivera

Pancho McFarland

Wayne Marshall

David Lamb

Sofia Quintero

Yvette Modestin

Ryan Mann-Hamilton

Vielka Cecilia Hoy

Aida Lambert

María Rosario Jackson

Antonio López

Eduardo Bonilla-Silva

Silvio Torres-Saillant

Willie Perdomo

John R. Logan

William A. Darity

Jason Dietrich

Darrick Hamilton

Ed Morales

Lisa Hoppenjans

Ted Richardson

Tanya Katerí Hernández

Mark Sawyer

James Jennings

Winner, 2012 American Book Award, presented by the Before Columbus Foundation

“[R]equired reading for all Latinos. . . . This important reader provides critical information from a wide variety of approaches on the evolution and current realities of Black Latinos and Latinas. From poetic to musical to social scientific sources, this is a powerful 360-degree treatment of the subject.”—Angelo Falcón, National Institute for Latino Policy Book Notes

“This exciting collection is a great resource for anyone interested in Ethnic Studies, Cultural Studies, or American Studies.”—Jenell Navarro, Women’s Studies

“As a collection of pieces, many of which have been published previously, The Afro-Latin@ Reader ultimately serves as a compact archive of materials from various academic disciplines and creative genres that details the Afro-Latina/o experience in the United States. . . . The Afro-Latin@ Reader makes accessible to students, scholars, and the general public a virtually ignored set of important contributions, not only to the study of Afro-Latina/os, but to the discourse about race in the United States more generally.”—Petra R. Rivera, Transition

“The breadth and style of The Afro-Latin@ Reader will appeal most to readers attracted to scholarship. But while its content is dense and deeply analytical, The Afro-Latin@ Reader has something for everyone. Jiménez and Flores make the case that Afro-Latinos as a colectividad provide a link between the African- American and Hispanic communities.”—Amanda Hess, Grassroots Development

“Uncommonly inclusive and all-encompassing, its scholarly heft and solidity thus sympathetically alert and impressively coupled to the emotionally expressive verve, revelatory force, and persuasive authority of the autobiographical. The Afro-Latin@ Reader is, in sum, an extraordinary and exceptional achievement. A splendid contribution to the field it here so ably moves forward, it admirably also advances, more fully and fruitfully than any single comparable volume on the subject has so far done, its readers' knowledgeably complex, non-reductive understanding of Afro-Latin® America's contemporary emergence and, above all, how regularly—where, when, by whom, and why—Afro-Latin@s have ‘been rendered invisible and silent because they simply do not fit larger historical narratives of immigration, race, gender, culture and location in the United States.’”—Roberto Márquez, Centro Journal

“The collected works in The Afro-Latin@ Reader broaden definitions of blackness and latinidad and reveal the multiple ways in which Afro-Latino/as navigate national and cultural histories that have consistently denigrated or dismissed their African heritage and challenge US racial classifications that dismiss their cultural background and linguistic difference. The Afro-Latin@ Reader invites us to move beyond a binary understanding of racial identity and to embrace the allegiances that may be forged and, in many instances, have been forged among Afro-Latino/as, Latinos/as, African Americans, and other underrepresented groups in the US.”—Sobeira Latorre, Anthurium: A Caribbean Studies
Journal

“This volume’s greatest strength is that it brings the wealth of scholarship on Afro-Latinos in the United States together in one place; in doing so it provides a unique and thorough survey text for undergraduate use. It provides new insights for scholars as our understanding of the US racial order is contested and redefined.”—Shawn Alfonso Wells, Hispanic American Historical Review

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader is impressive in scope and as an edited volume it succeeds because it is able to address varying topics and cover many different Afro groups without sacrificing quality. It is therefore recommended.”—Kwame Dixon, Bulletin of Latin American Research

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader is an impressive collection of accessible primary and secondary texts that moves the struggles and contributions of Afro-Latina/os from the margins of African American, Latina/o, and American studies to the center.” —Erin Hurt and Cherise A. Pollard, MELUS

“The Afro-Latin@ Studies Reader: History and Culture in the United States is an essential reading for those willing to explore new and more integral notions of themselves, regardless of their race or origins.”—Daynali Flores-Rodriguez, Callaloo

Winner, 2012 American Book Award, presented by the Before Columbus Foundation

“[R]equired reading for all Latinos. . . . This important reader provides critical information from a wide variety of approaches on the evolution and current realities of Black Latinos and Latinas. From poetic to musical to social scientific sources, this is a powerful 360-degree treatment of the subject.”—Angelo Falcón, National Institute for Latino Policy Book Notes

“This exciting collection is a great resource for anyone interested in Ethnic Studies, Cultural Studies, or American Studies.”—Jenell Navarro, Women’s Studies

“As a collection of pieces, many of which have been published previously, The Afro-Latin@ Reader ultimately serves as a compact archive of materials from various academic disciplines and creative genres that details the Afro-Latina/o experience in the United States. . . . The Afro-Latin@ Reader makes accessible to students, scholars, and the general public a virtually ignored set of important contributions, not only to the study of Afro-Latina/os, but to the discourse about race in the United States more generally.”—Petra R. Rivera, Transition

“The breadth and style of The Afro-Latin@ Reader will appeal most to readers attracted to scholarship. But while its content is dense and deeply analytical, The Afro-Latin@ Reader has something for everyone. Jiménez and Flores make the case that Afro-Latinos as a colectividad provide a link between the African- American and Hispanic communities.”—Amanda Hess, Grassroots Development

“Uncommonly inclusive and all-encompassing, its scholarly heft and solidity thus sympathetically alert and impressively coupled to the emotionally expressive verve, revelatory force, and persuasive authority of the autobiographical. The Afro-Latin@ Reader is, in sum, an extraordinary and exceptional achievement. A splendid contribution to the field it here so ably moves forward, it admirably also advances, more fully and fruitfully than any single comparable volume on the subject has so far done, its readers' knowledgeably complex, non-reductive understanding of Afro-Latin® America's contemporary emergence and, above all, how regularly—where, when, by whom, and why—Afro-Latin@s have ‘been rendered invisible and silent because they simply do not fit larger historical narratives of immigration, race, gender, culture and location in the United States.’”—Roberto Márquez, Centro Journal

“The collected works in The Afro-Latin@ Reader broaden definitions of blackness and latinidad and reveal the multiple ways in which Afro-Latino/as navigate national and cultural histories that have consistently denigrated or dismissed their African heritage and challenge US racial classifications that dismiss their cultural background and linguistic difference. The Afro-Latin@ Reader invites us to move beyond a binary understanding of racial identity and to embrace the allegiances that may be forged and, in many instances, have been forged among Afro-Latino/as, Latinos/as, African Americans, and other underrepresented groups in the US.”—Sobeira Latorre, Anthurium: A Caribbean Studies
Journal

“This volume’s greatest strength is that it brings the wealth of scholarship on Afro-Latinos in the United States together in one place; in doing so it provides a unique and thorough survey text for undergraduate use. It provides new insights for scholars as our understanding of the US racial order is contested and redefined.”—Shawn Alfonso Wells, Hispanic American Historical Review

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader is impressive in scope and as an edited volume it succeeds because it is able to address varying topics and cover many different Afro groups without sacrificing quality. It is therefore recommended.”—Kwame Dixon, Bulletin of Latin American Research

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader is an impressive collection of accessible primary and secondary texts that moves the struggles and contributions of Afro-Latina/os from the margins of African American, Latina/o, and American studies to the center.” —Erin Hurt and Cherise A. Pollard, MELUS

“The Afro-Latin@ Studies Reader: History and Culture in the United States is an essential reading for those willing to explore new and more integral notions of themselves, regardless of their race or origins.”—Daynali Flores-Rodriguez, Callaloo

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader assembles in one place an extraordinary range of articles, chapters, and first-person accounts of Afro-Latin@ identity. These pieces show that explorations of Afro-Latin@ identities quickly reveal significant hidden histories of racialization, colonization, exploitation, and social mobilization. They complicate our understanding of the U.S. racial order and its complex systems of inclusion and exclusion. This collection is a much-needed addition to scholarship in ethnic studies.”—George Lipsitz, author of American Studies in a Moment of Danger

“The Afro-Latin@ Reader is a superb collection, one that I cannot wait to use in my own courses. For some time now, scholars have engaged the history and anthropology of Black populations in Latin America, but the scholarship on the Afro-Latin@ presence (as configured on this side of the Rio Grande) has been more episodic and, to some extent, under-theorized. The breadth of The Afro-Latin@ Reader, as well as its effort to actually define the entire field, makes it a unique scholarly contribution.”—Ben Vinson III, co-author of African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean

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