Acknowledgments  ix

Introduction  1

I. Conquest and Colonial Rule  9

II. A New Nation  101

III. The Rise of the Popular  159

IV. Global Currents  193

V. Domination and Struggle  281

VI. Cultures and Identities Redefined  341

Suggestions for Further Reading  423

Acknowledgment of Copyrights  427

Index  431

“The Ecuador Reader provides an idiosyncratic anthology with some excellent essays that have not been easily accessible in the past. . . . . [The] book illustrates key themes that will intrigue and surprise those who wish to better understand this Andean enigma.”—John A. Sanbrailo, Latin Business Chronicle

“De la Torre and co-editor Steve Striffler have met the challenge of summarising the country’s almost unmanageable diversity by embracing it, and The Ecuador Reader is one of the better introductory volumes in Duke’s superb Latin American reader series. . . .”—Gavin O’Toole, Latin American Review of Books

“Enthralling compilation of voices, opinions and writings by Ecuadorian politicians, authors, artists, intellectuals and activists, interspersed with essays on Ecuador by outsiders, with up-to-date analysis on the latest trends and issues. A must for understanding contemporary Ecuador.”—The Rough Guide to Ecuador

“[A] welcome source of information and insight into the enigma that is Ecuador. Its greatest contribution is the inclusion of works by or about Ecuador’s marginalized groups. The Reader should be considered for adoption as a case study in a course on Latin American Civilization or as a supplemental text in a specialty course on the Andean nations.”
—George M. Lauderbaugh, The Latin Americanist

“[S]uccessfully present[s] an overview of Ecuador’s history, culture, and
politics for the general reader or a student who is new to the field. . . . [T]his volume is an impressively broad and useful contribution to the field of Ecuadorian studies.”—Marc Becker, Hispanic American Historical Review

“The Ecuador Reader introduces readers to important debates about colonial
and post-colonial Ecuador, particularly through the mid-twentieth century.
Importantly, it introduces students and interested readers to key debates on
governance, economic change and culture as they have transpired over time in the country, with particularly strong emphases on pre-1980s Ecuador and on indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorean experiences.”—Amy Lind, Journal of Latin American Studies

“The Ecuador Reader provides an idiosyncratic anthology with some excellent essays that have not been easily accessible in the past. . . . . [The] book illustrates key themes that will intrigue and surprise those who wish to better understand this Andean enigma.”—John A. Sanbrailo, Latin Business Chronicle

“De la Torre and co-editor Steve Striffler have met the challenge of summarising the country’s almost unmanageable diversity by embracing it, and The Ecuador Reader is one of the better introductory volumes in Duke’s superb Latin American reader series. . . .”—Gavin O’Toole, Latin American Review of Books

“Enthralling compilation of voices, opinions and writings by Ecuadorian politicians, authors, artists, intellectuals and activists, interspersed with essays on Ecuador by outsiders, with up-to-date analysis on the latest trends and issues. A must for understanding contemporary Ecuador.”—The Rough Guide to Ecuador

“[A] welcome source of information and insight into the enigma that is Ecuador. Its greatest contribution is the inclusion of works by or about Ecuador’s marginalized groups. The Reader should be considered for adoption as a case study in a course on Latin American Civilization or as a supplemental text in a specialty course on the Andean nations.”
—George M. Lauderbaugh, The Latin Americanist

“[S]uccessfully present[s] an overview of Ecuador’s history, culture, and
politics for the general reader or a student who is new to the field. . . . [T]his volume is an impressively broad and useful contribution to the field of Ecuadorian studies.”—Marc Becker, Hispanic American Historical Review

“The Ecuador Reader introduces readers to important debates about colonial
and post-colonial Ecuador, particularly through the mid-twentieth century.
Importantly, it introduces students and interested readers to key debates on
governance, economic change and culture as they have transpired over time in the country, with particularly strong emphases on pre-1980s Ecuador and on indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorean experiences.”—Amy Lind, Journal of Latin American Studies

“The Ecuador Reader offers an intriguing glimpse of the diverse voices and perspectives through which Ecuadorians have engaged the social, political, and cultural challenges of crafting a modern nation. Compiled by two of the leading scholars of Ecuadorian cultural and political thought, the essays in this volume provide testimony to the diversity and creativity of the intellectuals, organizations, communities, and individuals who people Ecuadorian history. The discussions of identity, ethnicity, colonialism, development, culture, and the state found in these pages offer a unique starting point for exploring Ecuador’s historical path from being a colony on the edges of the Inca and Spanish empires to becoming a central player in modern Latin American political debates.”—Deborah Poole, Johns Hopkins University

“The Ecuador Reader is a gateway for understanding the volatile and intriguing history of this complex, multicultural land. From José María Velasco Ibarra’s fiery populism to the politics of a contemporary beauty pageant, the book captures the rich diversity of the country’s past and present. It is a major contribution to the study of the Andean world.”—Catherine M. Conaghan, Queen’s University

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