The United States has one of the largest and costliest flood control systems in the world, even though only a small proportion of its land lies in floodplains. Rivers by Design traces the emergence of the mammoth U.S. flood management system, which is overseen by the federal government but implemented in conjunction with state governments and local contractors and levee districts. Karen M. O’Neill analyzes the social origins of the flood control program, showing how the system initially developed as a response to the demands of farmers and the business elite in outlying territories. The configuration of the current system continues to reflect decisions made in the nineteenth century and early twentieth. It favors economic development at the expense of environmental concerns.
O’Neill focuses on the creation of flood control programs along the lower Mississippi River and the Sacramento River, the first two rivers to receive federal flood control aid. She describes how, in the early to mid-nineteenth century, planters, shippers, and merchants from both regions campaigned for federal assistance with flood control efforts. She explains how the federal government was slowly and reluctantly drawn into water management to the extent that, over time, nearly every river in the United States was reengineered. Her narrative culminates in the passage of the national Flood Control Act of 1936, which empowered the Army Corps of Engineers to build projects for all navigable rivers in conjunction with local authorities, effectively ending nationwide, comprehensive planning for the protection of water resources.
Rivers by Design: State Power and the Origins of U.S. Flood Control
Karen M. O’Neill
304 pages (May 2006)
4 illustrations
Karen M. O’Neill
304 pages (May 2006)
4 illustrations
Cloth - $84.95 | 0-8223-3760-6 |
| [ISBN13 978-0-8223-3760-7] | |
Paperback - $23.95 | 0-8223-3773-8 |
| [ISBN13 978-0-8223-3773-7] | |
“Karen M. O’Neill has produced a tour de force—a carefully researched and clearly written analysis of the tangled emergence of the U.S. flood-control system. Her powerful wake-up call to us all is how the federal government, through the Army Corps of Engineers, reengineered the nation’s rivers to promote local economic development at the expense of—rather than with a sensitivity to—environmental values.”—Norris Hundley Jr., author of The Great Thirst: Californians and Water–A History“Bold in its interpretation, sweeping in its scope, and judicious in its style, Rivers by Design argues convincingly that federal flood control policy, which culminated in the Flood Control Act of 1936, ended comprehensive resource planning at the federal level. This is an exciting and original study.”—Donald J. Pisani, author of Water and American Government: The Reclamation Bureau, National Water Policy, and the West, 1902–1935
“Masterfully weaving historical details, Karen M. O’Neill traces the unanticipated expansion of the federal government’s role in ‘controlling’ the Mississippi and Sacramento rivers. In this era of rising hurricane-induced floodwaters, she offers deep insight into the tensions between local and national agencies, and between the state and private interests.”—Allan Schnaiberg, coauthor of Urban Recycling and the Search for Sustainable Community Development
Karen M. O’Neill is Assistant Professor of Human Ecology and an associate member of the Graduate Program in Sociology at Rutgers University, New Brunswick.
Table of Contents
Tables and Maps ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xxi
I. Rivers and State Authority 1
1. Infrastructure Builds the State 3
2. The Founding Principles of River Development 13
II. Regional Competition and the Rise of the Flood Control Campaign 27
3. The Mississippi River: Becoming the Nation’s River 31
4. The Mississippi River: Resentment Leading to Civil War 43
5. The Mississippi River: Postwar Reunification, Postwar Aid 56
6. The Sacramento River: Miners versus Farmers 68
7. The Sacramento River: Capitalists Unify for Development 80
III. Redesigning Rivers in the National Interest 97
8. Federal Aid for the Mississippi and Sacramento Rivers 99
9. The Fully Designed River 128
10. A Nationwide Program for Flood Control 150
11. Rivers by Design 179
Appendix 1. Mississippi Valley River Improvement Conventions 187
Appendix 2. Mississippi River Levee Association, Executive Committee 197
Notes 199
Bibliography 243
Index 265
Tables and Maps ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xxi
I. Rivers and State Authority 1
1. Infrastructure Builds the State 3
2. The Founding Principles of River Development 13
II. Regional Competition and the Rise of the Flood Control Campaign 27
3. The Mississippi River: Becoming the Nation’s River 31
4. The Mississippi River: Resentment Leading to Civil War 43
5. The Mississippi River: Postwar Reunification, Postwar Aid 56
6. The Sacramento River: Miners versus Farmers 68
7. The Sacramento River: Capitalists Unify for Development 80
III. Redesigning Rivers in the National Interest 97
8. Federal Aid for the Mississippi and Sacramento Rivers 99
9. The Fully Designed River 128
10. A Nationwide Program for Flood Control 150
11. Rivers by Design 179
Appendix 1. Mississippi Valley River Improvement Conventions 187
Appendix 2. Mississippi River Levee Association, Executive Committee 197
Notes 199
Bibliography 243
Index 265
Related subjects:
Environmental Studies
Geography
Sociology