Acknowledgments  vii

Introduction. "Antes": Processions Past  1

Part I. Cuba Produnda, 1612–1927

1. From Foundling to Intercessor: Our Lady Help of Slaves  17

2. Mambisa Virgin: Patrona of the Patria  49

Part II. Regal Streets, 1931–1936

3. Royalty in Exile: Banishing Bembes  69

4. Crowning La Caridad: The Queen of Republican Cuba  94

Part III. Martial Streets, 1951–1958

5. The Virgin General on the March: Conquering Cuba?  131

6. Rebel Sierras and Lowlands: Petitioning the Mother of Cuba  164

Part IV. Revolutionary Streets, 1959–1998

7. "¡Todos a la Plaza!": Mobilizing in Revolutionary Time and Space  185

8. "The Streets Are for Revolutionaries!": Prohibiting Processions  207

9. Luchando in the Special Period: Papal Visit  235

Conclusion. Processions Present: Returning to the Streets, 1998–2012  273

Notes  299

Bibliography  323

Index  347

"[W]hat makes Cachita's Streets special is the attention the author gives to the many different contexts within which the Virgin has been venerated, supplicated, politicized, and racialized over the centuries—Cuba's  tumultuous 20th century in particular.  Providing a careful study of all the facets of the Virgin’s role in Cuban life, Schmidt documents the multidimensional and contested Cachita of the streets, not merely the Virgin of the shrine in El Cobre.  The result is an exemplary socioreligious history." — D. Jacobsen, Choice Magazine

"The book is carefully researched and is a special contribution to the study of religion, particularly in the Oriente (Eastern region of Cuba)....Schmidt’s work represents a unique approach to the study of religion in Cuba and uses rich archival research to follow worship of La Virgen de la Caridad throughout the island’s history." — Danielle Pilar Clealand, Ethnic and Racial Studies

"[W]hat makes Cachita's Streets special is the attention the author gives to the many different contexts within which the Virgin has been venerated, supplicated, politicized, and racialized over the centuries—Cuba's  tumultuous 20th century in particular.  Providing a careful study of all the facets of the Virgin’s role in Cuban life, Schmidt documents the multidimensional and contested Cachita of the streets, not merely the Virgin of the shrine in El Cobre.  The result is an exemplary socioreligious history." —D. Jacobsen, Choice Magazine

"The book is carefully researched and is a special contribution to the study of religion, particularly in the Oriente (Eastern region of Cuba)....Schmidt’s work represents a unique approach to the study of religion in Cuba and uses rich archival research to follow worship of La Virgen de la Caridad throughout the island’s history." —Danielle Pilar Clealand, Ethnic and Racial Studies

"Cachita's Streets is a powerful and sweeping story, as the Virgin and her devotees make their persistent and steady progress through many decades of tumultuous historic political events. There is no scholar of religion who knows more about the history of Cuba, and there is no historian of the Caribbean who knows as much about religion, as Jalane D. Schmidt. Cachita's Streets will certainly become one of the definitive books on race and religion in Cuba and Latin America."
— Jennifer Scheper Hughes, author of, Biography of a Mexican Crucifix: Lived Religion and Local Faith from the Conquest to the Present

"The Virgin of Charity, as Jalane D. Schmidt tells her story in this ambitious and beautifully realized book, is not a symbol indexing the political history of Cuba, but a living presence in the island's streets and homes. Based on the deepest historical research and on long ethnographic study, Cachita’s Streets is a masterful study of the social life of sacred presence."
— Robert A. Orsi, author of, Between Heaven and Earth: The Religious Worlds People Make and the Scholars Who Study Them

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