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Immeasurable Weather

Meteorological Data and Settler Colonialism from 1820 to Hurricane Sandy

Book

Pages: 264

Illustrations: 21 illustrations

Published: August 2023

In Immeasurable Weather Sara J. Grossman explores how environmental data collection has been central to the larger project of settler colonialism in the United States. She draws on an extensive archive of historical and meteorological data spanning two centuries to show how American scientific institutions used information about the weather to establish and reinforce the foundations of a white patriarchal settler society. Grossman outlines the relationship between climate data and state power in key moments in the history of American weather science, from the nineteenth-century public data-gathering practices of settler farmers and teachers and the automation of weather data during the Dust Bowl to the role of meteorological satellites in data science’s integration into the militarized state. Throughout, Grossman shows that weather science reproduced the natural world as something to be measured, owned, and exploited. This data gathering, she contends, gave coherence to a national weather project and to a notion of the nation itself, demonstrating that weather science’s impact cannot be reduced to a set of quantifiable phenomena.

Praise

“In her analysis of the relationship between weather data and human experience, Sara J. Grossman’s main point—all the data in the world won’t save us—is stupendously timely and significant. Scholars of environmental history, of environmental humanities, and of the history of science will learn a great deal from this important book.” - Joyce E. Chaplin, author of Round About the Earth: Circumnavigation from Magellan to Orbit

“Building on the idea that science has long been embedded in racial capitalism and settler colonialism, this book argues that we should approach weather and all its entanglements in ways that reinforce rather than sever our connections to the more-than-human world and our relationships with each other. Ultimately, the book challenges the environmentalist fetish for data and the assumption that it mobilizes people to action. Instead, the legacy of this data fetish shows that it can just as often lead to more damage, especially to the relationships and communities on which flourishing ecosystems depend.” - Sarah Jaquette Ray, Professor, Cal Poly Humboldt

“Grossman has drawn together a wide body of scholarship and a rich archive of historical data in a timely account of our relationship with weather and our environment, as it is mediated through data.” - Alice Oates, H-Environment, H-Net Reviews

"A sociocultural history of weather data, Immeasurable Weather is a feat both in substance and style. . . . Many key themes throughout Immeasurable Weather will be worthwhile to scholars interested in the critical study of data, automation, and technology. Historians of technology will find intriguing connections between the militarization of weather data and the rise of wartime computing." - Sara M. B. Simon, Technology and Culture

"Grossman’s book – presented as a ‘sociocultural history of environmental data’ (12)—fits very well in the sub-disciplines of the history of science and international political sociology. The writing is clear, dynamic, poetic and personal." - Kaian Lam, Cambridge Review of International Affairs

"Immeasurable Weather is a timely addition to the study of meteorology’s formative decades. Its introduction of settler colonialism as an analytical frame to the history of that field is both an interesting and valuable perspective. . . . [T]he book surely ought to find its way onto the shelf of anyone interested in the evolution of US meteorology, the history of settler colonialism and American nation building, or data in the history of science more generally." - Robert Suits, Physics Today

"Immeasurable Weather offers timely and crucial anti-colonial and feminist perspectives amid the growing interest in the history and philosophy of the atmosphere. This work is particularly valuable for scholars in STS and environmental history. It would also be of interest to professionals in meteorology and climate science." - Dong Xia, Science as Cutlure

"Immeasurable Weather is an important book that interrogates the history of weather data in the United States with special attunement to the colonial structures that underlie our ubiquitous 'Anthropocene.' Grossman’s critical perspective to data, and weather data specifically, is a necessary intervention into the history of the United States as a settler colonial power, and how deeply situated settler systems are woven into communal ways of knowing and looking at the world." - Pamela C. Perrimon, International Journal of Communication

"While elements of Grossman’s analysis and narrative will be familiar to historians of science and the weather, her attention to the context and process of how data was collected, by whom, and for what ends over time provides an important perspective on that larger narrative, one that other scholars and advanced students will want to consider." - Matthew Mulcahy, The Journal of American History

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Author/Editor Bios

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Sara J. Grossman is Assistant Professor of Environmental Studies on the Johanna Alderfer Harris and William H. Harris Professorship in Environmental Studies at Bryn Mawr College.

Table Of Contents

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List of Illustrations  ix
Acknowledgments  xi
Introduction: About American Weather  1
1. Dreaming Data: Locating Early Nineteenth-Century Weather Data  25
2. Gendering Data: The Women of the Smithsonian Meteorological Project  57
3. Data in the Sky: Scientific Kites, Settler Masculinity, and Quantifying the Air  87
4. Data’s Edge: Cleaning Data and Dust Bowl Crises  111
5. Ugly Data in the Age of Satellites and Extreme Weather  137
Epilogue: Data’s Inheritance  171
Notes  179
Bibliography  209
Index  229

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Additional Information

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Paper ISBN: 978-1-4780-2502-3 / Hardcover ISBN: 978-1-4780-2005-9 / eISBN: 978-1-4780-2703-4 / DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478027034