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Panama in Black

Afro-Caribbean World Making in the Twentieth Century

Book

Pages: 280

Illustrations: 18 illustrations

Published: September 2022

In Panama in Black, Kaysha Corinealdi traces the multigenerational activism of Afro-Caribbean Panamanians as they forged diasporic communities in Panama and the United States throughout the twentieth century. Drawing on a rich array of sources including speeches, yearbooks, photographs, government reports, radio broadcasts, newspaper editorials, and oral histories, Corinealdi presents the Panamanian isthmus as a crucial site in the making of an Afro-diasporic world that linked cities and towns like Colón, Kingston, Panamá City, Brooklyn, Bridgetown, and La Boca. In Panama, Afro-Caribbean Panamanians created a diasporic worldview of the Caribbean that privileged the potential of Black innovation. Corinealdi maps this innovation by examining the longest-running Black newspaper in Central America, the rise of civic associations created to counter policies that stripped Afro-Caribbean Panamanians of citizenship, the creation of scholarship-granting organizations that supported the education of Black students, and the emergence of national conferences and organizations that linked anti-imperialism and Black liberation. By showing how Afro-Caribbean Panamanians used these methods to navigate anti-Blackness, xenophobia, and white supremacy, Corinealdi offers a new mode of understanding activism, community, and diaspora formation.

Praise

Panama in Black tells the story of Afro-Caribbean Panamanian claims of belonging that challenged dominant notions of citizenship as well as US empire. Kaysha Corinealdi offers us a conceptually rich and finely researched study that demonstrates how activists, intellectuals, politicians, and workers confronted the Panamanian state as well as the US racial regime in the Canal Zone and Jim Crow-era Brooklyn as they pursued a project of African diasporic world making.” - Minkah Makalani, author of In the Cause of Freedom: Radical Black Internationalism from Harlem to London, 1917–1939

“Kaysha Corinealdi’s in-depth research in Panamanian and US archives, both public and private, is unparalleled by any previous scholar. Putting Afro-Caribbean Panamanian perspectives at the center of the story, Corinealdi helps the reader experience abstractions like race, empire, and nation as they were lived: through vivid human encounters. Panama in Black will be one of those rare cherished academic books and will be read eagerly by students and scholars of Caribbean studies, Afro-diasporic studies, and Latin American history alike.” - Lara Putnam, author of Radical Moves: Caribbean Migrants and the Politics of Race in the Jazz Age

"A widely appealing and valuable addition to diaspora studies, Central American and Caribbean historiography, and scholarly understandings of how individuals and groups navigate belonging in and beyond the nation." - Elizabeth Manley, The Americas

"Panama in Black uncovers the complexities of Afro-Caribbean Panamanian identity across class, gender, and generational lines. Corinealdi’s account of Afro-diasporic world making reveals an ongoing practice in which Afro-Caribbean migrants shaped ideas of citizenship on the isthmus and throughout the Americas. As a result, this book is essential reading for those interested in the history of Caribbean migrations, the African diaspora, the Canal Zone, Panamanian nation formation, and citizenship in Latin America." - Takkara Brunson, H-Caribbean

"Panama in Black demonstrates some of the reasons researchers, including myself, were drawn to these immigrants and their descendants. . . . I salute Kaysha Corinealdi for this latest addition to the bookshelf and look forward to more." - Michael Conniff, ReVista

"This is a terrific book. Scholars of not only the African diaspora but other diasporas in different geographic contexts and historical periods would benefit from taking it very seriously. ... [Corinealdi's] sophisticated grasp of the much broader concerns of diasporic studies should make this short book a must for those studying regions beyond the Americas."

- Dario A. Euraque, Hispanic American Historical Review

"Corinealdi’s book is a splendid addition to renewed studies of the Afro-Caribbean experience in the Greater Caribbean Basin and the diaspora." - Kirwin R. Shaffer, English Historical Review

"Overall, Panama in Black is highly readable and very good to follow, no matter the readers prior knowledge. It combines a highly specific perspective and very general questions and is by this a contribution to many different scientific debates, not only on US- or Panamanian history. . . . [I]t is a book you clearly have to read if you are interested in Panamanian history, racism, diasporic world making or intersectional perspectives on these topics." - Mario Faust-Scalisi, Iberoamericana

". . . in foregrounding a cosmopolitan citizenship, one that is more inclusive than its eugenicist, blood-based rival, Panama in Black adds an important contribution to research in African diaspora and Black Studies, as well as to the political history of Panama, the Caribbean, the US, and the western hemisphere at large." - Christian Uwe, Migrating Minds

"Panama in Black brings attention to the long and complex history of diasporic world making among Afro-Caribbeans, thus contributing importantly to the scholarship that explores the forging of diaspora by peoples of African descent in the Western hemisphere. The book will be an essential reference for scholars in Anthropology, History, Latin American and Caribbean studies, and African Diaspora studies." - Carla Guerrón Montero, New West Indian Guide

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Author/Editor Bios

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Kaysha Corinealdi is Associate Professor in Comparative Caribbean & Hemispheric Transnationalisms at Rutgers University.

Table Of Contents

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List of Abbreviations  ix
Acknowledgments  xi
Introduction. Legacies of Exclusion and Afro-Caribbean Diasporic World Making  1
1. Panama as Diaspora: Documenting Afro-Caribbean Panamanian Histories, 1928–1936  29
2. Activist Formations: Fighting for Citizenship Rights and Forging Afro-Diasporic Alliances, 1940–1950  57
3. Todo por la Patria: Diplomacy, Anticommunism, and the Rhetoric of Assimilation, 1950–1954  93
4. To Be Panamanian: The Canal Zone, Nationalist Sacrifices, and the Price of Citizenship, 1954–1961  122
5. Panama in New York: Las Servidoras and Engendering an Educated Black Diaspora, 1953–1970  150
Conclusion. Afro-Caribbean Panamanians and the Future of Diasporic World Making  180
Notes  195
Bibliography  233
Index  253

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